PROFILING OF CLINICAL DYNAMICS OF TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS IN PATIENTS: A PERSPECTIVE REVIEW
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), also known as Non-Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (NIDDM) is one of the common metabolic disorders in the world. T2DM accounts for around 90% of all cases of diabetes mellitus, afflicting millions worldwide. It is a significant global health burden with a steadily increasing prevalence. In T2DM, the response to insulin is diminished, and this is defined as insulin resistance. Risk factors for T2DM are diverse. Some are modifiable, and others are not. Modifiable risk factors include overweight/obesity, lack of exercise or physical inactivity, poor nutrition, etc. Non-modifiable risk factors include age, ethnicity/race, family history, history of gestational diabetes mellitus, etc. The starting points and mainstays of treatment for T2DM are diet and lifestyle modifications such as increased physical activity and stoppage of smoking. In addition to the diet and lifestyle modifications, drugs are also used in the management of T2DM. This study aimed to profile the clinical dynamics of type 2 diabetes mellitus in patients. Current literatures from different databases including MEDLINE, PubMed, EMBASE, CINAHL, Google Scholar, etc. on the topic were searched online and reviewed.
Keywords:
Clinical dynamics, Type 2 diabetes mellitus, Perspective review, Glycated hemoglobin, Fasting plasma glucose, Impaired fasting glycemia, Oral glucose tolerance test, Impaired glucose tolerance
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References
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15. Egede LE, Dagogo-Jack S. Epidemiology of type 2 diabetes: focus on ethnic minorities. Med Clin North Am. 2005; 89: 949– 975.
16. Ekechi HO, Ikwuka AO, Udeh FC, Epete MA, Uche VU. Hepatorenal Protective Functions of Coconut Water in Alloxan-Induced Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus. World Journal of Current Medical and Pharmaceutical Research. 2023; 5(4): 114-122. DOI: 10.37022/wjcmpr.v5i4.276.
17. Ferris FL, Davis MD, Aiello LM. Treatment of diabetic retinopathy. New England Journal of Med. 1999; 341: 667-678.
18. Foma MA, Saidu Y, Omoleke SA, Jafali J. Awareness of diabetes mellitus among diabetic patients in the Gambia: A strong case for health education and promotion. BMC Public Health. 2013; 13: 1124. DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-13-1124.
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20. Goyal R, Singhal M, Jialal I. Type 2 Diabetes. In: StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. 2023. Available online: www.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30020625/
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22. IDF. Diabetes facts & figures. International Diabetes Federation. 2021; Available online: https://www.idf.org/aboutdiabetes/what-is-diabetes/facts-figures.html
23. Ikwuka AO. Clinical dynamics in patients with diabetes mellitus type 2 and concomitant essential hypertensive disease treated with dapagliflozin. Journal of the 22nd International Medical Congress of Students and Young Scientists. 2018; p. 32.
24. Ikwuka AO. Clinical dynamics of nephropathy in patients with diabetes mellitus type 2 and concomitant essential hypertensive disease. Clinical Medicine. 2019; 19(2): s39. DOI: 10.7861/clinmedicine.19-2-s39.
25. Ikwuka AO. Clinical effectiveness of GLP-1 RAs in patients with metabolic syndrome diseases. Endocrine Practice. 2019; 25(1): 104-105. DOI: 10.1016/S1530-891X(20)46611-X.
26. Ikwuka AO. Clinical effectiveness of SGLT-2 inhibitors in patients with diabetes mellitus type 2 and essential hypertensive disease. Endocrine Practice. 2018; 24(1): 74. DOI: 10.1016/S1530-891X(20)47129-0.
27. Ikwuka AO. Dr. Aloy's Core Essential Series (DACES) Medical Genetics. 1st Edition. Science and Education Publishing, USA. 2023; p. 9. ISBN: 978-1-958293-02-7.
28. Ikwuka AO. Dyslipidemia risk severity in patients with diabetes mellitus type 2 and essential hypertension. Journal of the 21st International Medical Congress of Students and Young Scientists. 2017; p. 59.
29. Ikwuka AO. Effectiveness of dapagliflozin in patients with diabetes mellitus type 2 and essential hypertension. Book of abstracts of the 7th International Students’ Scientific Conference of Young Medical Researchers. 2017; p. 102. Available online: http://www.stn.umed.wroc.pl/files/lm/Accepted_papers.16113.pdf
30. Ikwuka AO. Features of kidney damage in patients with arterial hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus and optimization of treatment. Specialized Academic Council IFNMU. 2018; Available online: http://www.ifnmu.edu.ua/images/zagalna_informacia/spec_vcheni_radi/2017-2019/%D0%9420.601.01/Ikvuka/Avtoreferat.pdf
31. Ikwuka AO. Influence of dyslipidemia in patients with diabetes mellitus type 2 and essential hypertension. The Pharma Innovation Journal. 2017; 6(3): 101-103. Available online: http://www.thepharmajournal.com/archives/?year=2017&vol=6&issue=3&part=B
32. Ikwuka AO. Risk factors for the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus type 2. Materials of 84th Scientific and Practical Conference of Students and Young Scientists with Internatrajrajional Participation “Innovations in medicine”. 2015; p. 19. Available online: http://www.ifnmu.edu.ua/images/snt/files/konferenciya/Tezu_2015.pdf
33. Ikwuka AO, Haman IO. Features of kidney damage in patients with diabetes mellitus type 2 and essential hypertension. Journal of 86th Scientific and Practical Conference of Students and Young Scientists with International Participation “Innovations in medicine”. 2017; p. 144. Available online: http://www.ifnmu.edu.ua/images/snt/86-konf-tezi%20(1).pdf
34. Ikwuka AO, Virstyuk NG, Luchko OR. Features of the functional state of kidneys in patients with diabetes mellitus type 2 and essential arterial hypertension. Materials of scientific-practical conference with international participation “Babenkivski reading”. 2017; p. 48.
35. Ikwuka AO, Paliy Yu. Structural changes of the left ventricular myocardium in patients with essential arterial hypertension and diabetes mellitus type 2. Abstracts of the 87th Scientific Conference of Students and Young Scientists with International Participation “Innovations in medicine”. 2018; p. 25-26. Available online: https://www.ifnmu.edu.ua/images/snt/zaproshennia_eng.pdf
36. Ikwuka AO, Virstyuk NG. Pattern of cardiac remodelling of the left ventricle in patients with essential hypertensive disease and concomitant type 2 diabetes mellitus. Clinical Medicine. 2019; 19(3): s92. DOI: 10.7861/clinmedicine.19-3-s92.
37. Ikwuka AO, Virstyuk NG. Influence of SGLT2 inhibitor and A2RB (AT1) on fibrogenesis and heart failure in patients with essential hypertensive disease combined with diabetes mellitus type 2. E-Poster No. 143 of the 44th &45th Annual General and Scientific Meeting of the West African College of Physicians (WACP), 1 - 3 November, 2021. 2021; DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.26912.87047.
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Ikwuka, A. O., D. I. Omoju, and O. K. Mahanera. “PROFILING OF CLINICAL DYNAMICS OF TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS IN PATIENTS: A PERSPECTIVE REVIEW”. World Journal of Current Medical and Pharmaceutical Research, Vol. 5, no. 5, Oct. 2023, pp. 210-8, doi:10.37022/wjcmpr.v5i5.294.
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