A General Review on Cryptosporidium Parvum: Pathogenesis, Diagnosis and Treatment
Abstract
Cryptosporidium parvum is one causes of severe diarrheal disease worldwide and contributed to neonatal and early infect mortality. C. parvum is responsible for most zoonotic infections in human. Cryptosporidium is intra cellular protozoan parasite belong to phylum Apicomplexa. Cryptosporidium can spread to various organs and systems of the body especially pancreatic, hepatobiliary as well as extra- intestinal such as pulmonary system and leading to chronic disease and weakness.The infection can be acute and self-limiting illness in immunocomponent patients, whereas in immunocompromised cryptosporidiosis can become a chronic and life threaten disease.
Keywords:
Cryptosporidiosis, protozoan parasite, diarrhea, immunocompetent patients, immunocompromised patients
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References
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26. Rehn M , Wallensten A, Widerstrom M, Lilja M, Grunewald M, Stenmark S, et al. Post-infection symptoms following two large waterborne outbreaks of Cryptosporidium hominis in Northern Sweden, 2010-2011. BMC Public Health. 2015;15:529.
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28. Shirley DA , Moonah SN, Kotloff KL. Burden of disease from cryptosporidiosis. Curr Opin Infect Dis, 2012;25(5):555–63.
29. Shoultz DA , Hostos EL, Choy RK. Addressing Cryptosporidium Infection among Young Children in Low-Income Settings: The Crucial Role of New and Existing Drugs for Reducing Morbidity and Mortality. PLoS Neglected Trop Dis. 2016;10(1):e0004242.
30. Shrivastava AK , Kumar S, Smith WA, Sahu PS. Revisiting the global problem of cryptosporidiosis and recommendations. Trop Parasitol. 2017;7(1):8–17.
31. Sponseller JK , Griffiths JK, Tzipori S. The evolution of respiratory Cryptosporidiosis: evidence for transmission by inhalation. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2014;27(3):575–86.
32. Suarez CE , Bishop RP, Alzan HF, Poole WA, Cooke BM. Advances in the application of genetic manipulation methods to apicomplexan parasites. Int J Parasitol. 2017;47(12):701–10.
33. Thomson S , Hamilton CA, Hope JC, Katzer F, Mabbott NA, Morrison LJ, et al. Bovine cryptosporidiosis: impact, host-parasite interaction and control strategies. Vet Res. 2017;48(1):42.
34. Tzipori S , Ward H. Cryptosporidiosis: biology, pathogenesis and disease. Microbes Infect. 2002;4(10):1047–58.
35. Tzipori S , Widmer G. A hundred-year retrospective on cryptosporidiosis. Trends Parasitol. 2008;24(4):184–9.
36. Wang RJ , Li JQ, Chen YC, Zhang LX, Xiao LH. Widespread occurrence of Cryptosporidium infections in patients with HIV/AIDS: Epidemiology, clinical feature, diagnosis, and therapy. Acta Trop 2018, 187:257–63.
37. Wang ZD , Liu Q, Liu HH, Li S, Zhang L, Zhao YK, et al. Prevalence of Cryptosporidium, microsporidia and Isospora infection in HIV-infected people: a global systematic review and meta-analysis. Parasites Vectors. 2018;11(1):28.
2. Agnamey P , Sarfati C, Pinel C, Rabodoniriina M, Kapel N, Dutoit E, et al. Evaluation of four commercial rapid immunochromatographic assays for detection of Cryptosporidium antigens in stool samples: a blind multicenter trial. J Clin Microbiol. 2011;49(4):1605–7.
3. Ahmed SA , Karanis P. Comparison of current methods used to detect Cryptosporidium oocysts in stools. Int J Hyg Environ Health. 2018;221(5):743–63.
4. Autier B , Belaz S, Razakandrainibe R, Gangneux JP, Robert-Gangneux F. Comparison of three commercial multiplex PCR assays for the diagnosis of intestinal protozoa. Parasite. 2018;25:48.
5. Baldursson, S. and Karanis, P.(2011). Waterborne transmission of protozoan parasites: review of worldwide outbreaks – an update 2004–2010. Water Res. 45 (20),6603–6614.
6. Bouzid M , Hunter PR, Chalmers RM, Tyler KM. Cryptosporidium pathogenicity and virulence. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2013;26(1):115–34.
7. Bouzid M , Kintz E, Hunter PR. Risk factors for Cryptosporidium infection in low and middle income countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Neglected Trop Dis. 2018;12(6):e0006553.
8. Chappell, C.L.; Okhuysen, P.C.; Langer-Curry, R.; Widmer, G.; Akiyoshi, D.E. and Tanriverdi, S. (2006). Cryptosporidium hominis: experimental challenge of healthy adults.Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 75, 851–857.
9. Elwin, K.; Hadfield, S.J.; Robinson, G. and Chalmers, R.M.(2012).The epidemiology of sporadic human infections with unusual cryptosporidia detected during routine typing in England and Wales, 2000- 2008. Epidemiol Infect; 140: 673-683.
10. Florescu DF , Sandkovsky U. Cryptosporidium infection in solid organ transplantation. World J Transplant. 2016;6(3):460–71.
11. Friesen J , Fuhrmann J, Kietzmann H, Tannich E, Muller M, Ignatius R. Evaluation of the Roche LightMix Gastro parasites multiplex PCR assay detecting Giardia duodenalis, Entamoeba histolytica, cryptosporidia, Dientamoeba fragilis, and Blastocystis hominis. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2018;24(12):1333–7.
12. Gerace, E., Presti, V. D. M. L., & Biondo, C. (2019). Cryptosporidium infection: epidemiology, pathogenesis, and differential diagnosis. European Journal of Microbiology and Immunology, 9(4), 119-123.
13. Hasheminasab, S. S., Conejeros, I., D. Velásquez, Z., Borggrefe, T., Gärtner, U., Kamena, F., ... & Hermosilla, C. (2022). ATP Purinergic Receptor P2X1-Dependent Suicidal NETosis Induced by Cryptosporidium parvum under Physioxia Conditions. Biology, 11(3), 442.
14. Hawash Y . Evaluation of an immunoassay-based algorithm for screening and identification of giardia and cryptosporidium antigens in human faecal specimens from saudi arabia. J Parasitol Res. 2014;2014:213745.
15. Jenkins MB , Eaglesham BS, Anthony LC, Kachlany SC, Bowman DD, Ghiorse WC. Significance of wall structure, macromolecular composition, and surface polymers to the survival and transport of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2010;76(6):1926–34.
16. Khalil IA , Troeger C, Rao PC, Blacker BF, Brown A, Brewer TG, et al. Morbidity, mortality, and long-term consequences associated with diarrhoea from Cryptosporidium infection in children younger than 5 years: a meta-analyses study. Lancet Glob Health. 2018;6(7):e758-68.
17. Khurana S , Chaudhary P. Laboratory diagnosis of cryptosporidiosis. Trop Parasitol. 2018;8(1):2–7.
18. Kumar A , Chatterjee I, Anbazhagan AN, Jayawardena D, Priyamvada S, Alrefai WA, et al. Cryptosporidium parvum disrupts intestinal epithelial barrier function via altering expression of key tight junction and adherens junction proteins. Cell Microbiol. 2018;20(6):e12830.
19. Kurniawan, A.; Dwintasari ,S.W.; Connelly, L.; Nichols, R.A.; Yunihastuti, E.; Karyadi, T. and Djauzi,S.(2013). Cryptosporidium species from human immunodeficiency-infected patients with chronic diarrhea in Jakarta, Indonesia. Ann Epidemiol; 23: 720-723.
20. Leitch ,G.J. and He,Q.(2012). Cryptosporidiosis-an overview. J Biomed Res; 25: 1-16.
21. Meisel JL , Perera DR, Meligro C, Rubin CE. Overwhelming watery diarrhea associated with a cryptosporidium in an immunosuppressed patient. Gastroenterology. 1976;70(6):1156–60.
22. Nime FA , Burek JD, Page DL, Holscher MA, Yardley JH. Acute enterocolitis in a human being infected with the protozoan Cryptosporidium. Gastroenterology. 1976;70(4):592–8.
23. Omoruyi BE , Nwodo UU, Udem CS, Okonkwo FO. Comparative diagnostic techniques for cryptosporidium infection. Molecules. 2014;19(2):2674–83.
24. Paniker,CK jayaram.(2013).paniker's textbook of medical parasitology .seventh edition. Indian Council of Medical Reserch, New Delhi, India. Page 276.
25. Petry F , Jakobi V, Tessema TS. Host immune response to Cryptosporidium parvum infection. Exp Parasitol. 2010;126(3):304–9.
26. Rehn M , Wallensten A, Widerstrom M, Lilja M, Grunewald M, Stenmark S, et al. Post-infection symptoms following two large waterborne outbreaks of Cryptosporidium hominis in Northern Sweden, 2010-2011. BMC Public Health. 2015;15:529.
27. Ryan U , Fayer R, Xiao L. Cryptosporidium species in humans and animals: current understanding and research needs. Parasitology. 2014;141(13):1667–85.
28. Shirley DA , Moonah SN, Kotloff KL. Burden of disease from cryptosporidiosis. Curr Opin Infect Dis, 2012;25(5):555–63.
29. Shoultz DA , Hostos EL, Choy RK. Addressing Cryptosporidium Infection among Young Children in Low-Income Settings: The Crucial Role of New and Existing Drugs for Reducing Morbidity and Mortality. PLoS Neglected Trop Dis. 2016;10(1):e0004242.
30. Shrivastava AK , Kumar S, Smith WA, Sahu PS. Revisiting the global problem of cryptosporidiosis and recommendations. Trop Parasitol. 2017;7(1):8–17.
31. Sponseller JK , Griffiths JK, Tzipori S. The evolution of respiratory Cryptosporidiosis: evidence for transmission by inhalation. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2014;27(3):575–86.
32. Suarez CE , Bishop RP, Alzan HF, Poole WA, Cooke BM. Advances in the application of genetic manipulation methods to apicomplexan parasites. Int J Parasitol. 2017;47(12):701–10.
33. Thomson S , Hamilton CA, Hope JC, Katzer F, Mabbott NA, Morrison LJ, et al. Bovine cryptosporidiosis: impact, host-parasite interaction and control strategies. Vet Res. 2017;48(1):42.
34. Tzipori S , Ward H. Cryptosporidiosis: biology, pathogenesis and disease. Microbes Infect. 2002;4(10):1047–58.
35. Tzipori S , Widmer G. A hundred-year retrospective on cryptosporidiosis. Trends Parasitol. 2008;24(4):184–9.
36. Wang RJ , Li JQ, Chen YC, Zhang LX, Xiao LH. Widespread occurrence of Cryptosporidium infections in patients with HIV/AIDS: Epidemiology, clinical feature, diagnosis, and therapy. Acta Trop 2018, 187:257–63.
37. Wang ZD , Liu Q, Liu HH, Li S, Zhang L, Zhao YK, et al. Prevalence of Cryptosporidium, microsporidia and Isospora infection in HIV-infected people: a global systematic review and meta-analysis. Parasites Vectors. 2018;11(1):28.
Published
03-06-2023
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Mohammad FI, Ridh DAAM, Kokaz OF. A General Review on Cryptosporidium Parvum: Pathogenesis, Diagnosis and Treatment. World Journal of Current Med and Pharm Research [Internet]. 2023Jun.3 [cited 2025May18];5(3):47-0. Available from: https://wjcmpr.com/index.php/journal/article/view/264
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