A comparative study of the ability of the fungus Aspergillus niger on two alternative media, wheat bran and rice husk.
Abstract
Citric acid is one of the important organic acids in the fields of industry, agriculture, medicine, etc., and it can be obtained in many ways, the best of which is biological methods using microorganisms. The current study aimed to prepare two cheap and environmentally friendly culture media for the purpose of producing citric acid from Aspergillus niger. The two media, one from rice husks and the other from Wheat bran, where a comparison was made between them regarding which is more efficient in supporting the fungus A. niger compared to the standard medium, the best temperature and pH for production were also assessed.
Eight isolates were obtained, all of which produced acid to varying degrees. No.1 was the highest and best in terms of production 3.1 gm/l, followed by isolate No. 2 with an amount of 2.5 g/l. It was observed that the amount of acid produced increased with the increase of the biomass of the fungus.
The study showed variable results regarding the production of citric acid from isolates of A. niger, where the wheat bran medium was the best result, where the resulting concentration of acid was 5.1 gm/l, compared to 4.4 g/l for the medium of rice husks.
The results showed that the best temperature was 25°C, as it gave a concentration of citric acid of 3.4 g/l, while the best pH was 6 where the concentration of citric acid produced It was 3 grams per liter.the study showed that there were no significant differences with regard to the sugars adopted in this experiment, as it gave significant similar results in terms of the amount of acid produced as well as the biomass of the fungus Aspergillus niger, while ammonium nitrate was the best among the nitrate sources used, with a production quantity of 4 gm/l .
Keywords:
Citric acid, Aspergillus niger, wheat bran, rice husks
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References
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29. M. T. de Caldas Felipe, R. do Nascimento Barbosa, J. D. P. Bezerra, and C. M. de Souza-Motta, "Production of kojic acid by Aspergillus species: Trends and applications," Fungal Biology Reviews, vol. 45, p. 100313, 2023.
30. L. Pera and D. Callieri, "Influence of calcium on fungal growth and citric acid production during fermentation of a sugarcane molasses-based medium by a strain of Aspergillus niger," World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, vol. 15, pp. 647-649, 1999.
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33. M. C. Arendrup, G. Kahlmeter, J. Guinea, J. Meletiadis, and S. o. A. S. T. o. t. E. E. C. f. A. S. Testing, "How to: perform antifungal susceptibility testing of microconidia-forming dermatophytes following the new reference EUCAST method E. Def 11.0, exemplified by Trichophyton," Clinical Microbiology and Infection, vol. 27, no. 1, pp. 55-60, 2021.
34. D. Sarris, M. Galiotou‐Panayotou, A. A. Koutinas, M. Komaitis, and S. Papanikolaou, "Citric acid, biomass and cellular lipid production by Yarrowialipolytica strains cultivated on olive mill wastewater‐based media," Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology, vol. 86, no. 11, pp. 1439-1448, 2011.
35. [Jawed S T, Al-Taher Q M, Shihab A F. Norouzi S. Melanoides tuberculate as Bioindicator of the Heavy Metal Contamination in Water and Sediment Pollution of Euphrates River at Thi-Qar province, Iraq. Health Education and Health Promotion. 2022 ;10(2):247-253.
36. Al-Taher, Q. M., Akbar, M. M., & Al-Qarooni, I. H. (2020). Estimation of heavy metals in water, sediments and bioaccumulation in pseudodontopsisEuphraticus and bellamyabengalensis in Euphrates river in al-nassiriyah city/south of Iraq. Plant Archives, 20(2), 1454-1460.
37. [Talib Jawad, S., F Shihab, A., & Al-Taher, Q. M. (2022). Heavy metal concentrations in water, sediments, Cladophora and two fish species from Al-MasabAlamm River, Al-Nassiriya, Iraq. Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences, 20(4), 805-812.
2. C. P. Kubicek, M. Röhr, and H. Rehm, "Citric acid fermentation," Critical Reviews in Biotechnology, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 331-373, 1985.
3. A. Apelblat, Citric acid. Springer, 2014.
4. B. C. Behera, "Citric acid from Aspergillus niger: a comprehensive overview," Critical Reviews in Microbiology, vol. 46, no. 6, pp. 727-749, 2020.
5. S. Anastassiadis, A. Aivasidis, and C. Wandrey, "Citric acid production by Candida strains under intracellular nitrogen limitation," Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, vol. 60, pp. 81-87, 2002.
6. J. A. Young, "Citric Acid," Journal of Chemical Education, vol. 80, no. 5, p. 480, 2003.
7. B. C. Behera, R. Mishra, and S. Mohapatra, "Microbial citric acid: Production, properties, application, and future perspectives," Food Frontiers, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 62-76, 2021.
8. R. Gong, Y. Jin, F. Chen, J. Chen, and Z. Liu, "Enhanced malachite green removal from aqueous solution by citric acid modified rice straw," Journal of hazardous materials, vol. 137, no. 2, pp. 865-870, 2006.
9. J. Li et al., "Citric acid enhances clean recycling of Chinese cabbage waste by anaerobic fermentation," Journal of Cleaner Production, vol. 348, p. 131366, 2022.
10. J. Campbell and I. Gunsalus, "Citric acid fermentation by streptococci and lactobacilli," Journal of Bacteriology, vol. 48, no. 1, pp. 71-76, 1944.
11. M. Yigitoglu, "Production of citric acid by fungi," Journal of Islamic Academy of Sciences, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 100-106, 1992.
12. A. A. Alsudani and M. K. Al-Shibli, "Citric acid production from some local isolates of the fungus Aspergillus niger by rice husks filtrate medium," International Journal of Recent Scientific Research, vol. 6, no. 8, pp. 5625-5633, 2015.
13. W. N. A. AL-MEHANA, M. K. AL-SHIBLY, and F. H. F. AL-DAEMI, "Optimal conditions for oxalic acid production by Aspergillus niger and A. flavus," Iranian Journal of Ichthyology, vol. 8, pp. 138-144, 2021.
14. S. Anastassiadis, I. G. Morgunov, S. V. Kamzolova, and T. V. Finogenova, "Citric acid production patent review," Recent patents on biotechnology, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 107-123, 2008.
15. D. Chetan, "Comparison of citric acid production from Aspergillus niger in solid and suspension state fermentation," International Journal of Green Pharmacy (IJGP), vol. 12, no. 03, 2018.
16. A. Ghassempour, S. Nojavan, Z. Talebpour, A. A. Amiri, and N. M. Najafi, "Monitoring of the fermentation media of citric acid by the trimethylsilyl derivatives of the organic acids formed," Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, vol. 52, no. 21, pp. 6384-6388, 2004.
17. P. Ambati and C. Ayyanna, "Optimizing medium constituents and fermentation conditions for citric acid production from palmyra jaggery using response surface method," World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, vol. 17, pp. 331-335, 2001.
18. W. K. Setiawan and K.-Y. Chiang, "Eco-friendly rice husk pre-treatment for preparing biogenic silica: Gluconic acid and citric acid comparative study," Chemosphere, vol. 279, p. 130541, 2021.
19. E. Papadaki, K. N. Kontogiannopoulos, A. N. Assimopoulou, and F. T. Mantzouridou, "Feasibility of multi-hydrolytic enzymes production from optimized grape pomace residues and wheat bran mixture using Aspergillus niger in an integrated citric acid-enzymes production process," Bioresource technology, vol. 309, p. 123317, 2020.
20. J. Warcup, "The soil-plate method for isolation of fungi from soil," Nature, vol. 166, no. 4211, pp. 117-118, 1950.
21. T. Watanabe, Pictorial atlas of soil and seed fungi: morphologies of cultured fungi and key to species. CRC press, 2010.
22. ZADEH, Firoozeh Abolhasani, et al. Cytotoxicity evaluation of environmentally friendly synthesis Copper/Zinc bimetallic nanoparticles on MCF-7 cancer cells. Rendiconti Lincei. Scienze Fisiche e Naturali, 2022, 1-7.
23. ROHMAH, Martina Kurnia, et al. Modulatory role of dietary curcumin and resveratrol on growth performance, serum immunity responses, mucus enzymes activity, antioxidant capacity and serum and mucus biochemicals in the common carp, Cyprinus carpio exposed to abamectin. Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 2022, 129: 221-230.
24. ARIF, Anam, et al. The functions and molecular mechanisms of Tribbles homolog 3 (TRIB3) implicated in the pathophysiology of cancer. International Immunopharmacology, 2023, 114: 109581.
25. MARGIANA, Ria, et al. Functions and therapeutic interventions of non-coding RNAs associated with TLR signaling pathway in atherosclerosis. Cellular Signalling, 2022, 100: 110471.
26. H. A. Al-Hchaimi, M. F. Alhamaidah, H. Alkhfaji, M. T. Qasim, A. H. Al-Nussairi and H. S. Abd-Alzahra, "Intraoperative Fluid Management for Major Neurosurgery: Narrative study," 2022 International Symposium on Multidisciplinary Studies and Innovative Technologies (ISMSIT), 2022, pp. 311-314, doi: 10.1109/ISMSIT56059.2022.9932659.
27. LEI, Zimeng, et al. Detection of abemaciclib, an anti-breast cancer agent, using a new electrochemical DNA biosensor. Frontiers in Chemistry, 2022, 10.
28. BASHAR, Bashar S., et al. Application of novel Fe3O4/Zn-metal organic framework magnetic nanostructures as an antimicrobial agent and magnetic nanocatalyst in the synthesis of heterocyclic compounds. Frontiers in Chemistry, 2022, 10.
29. M. T. de Caldas Felipe, R. do Nascimento Barbosa, J. D. P. Bezerra, and C. M. de Souza-Motta, "Production of kojic acid by Aspergillus species: Trends and applications," Fungal Biology Reviews, vol. 45, p. 100313, 2023.
30. L. Pera and D. Callieri, "Influence of calcium on fungal growth and citric acid production during fermentation of a sugarcane molasses-based medium by a strain of Aspergillus niger," World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, vol. 15, pp. 647-649, 1999.
31. R. R. Balandrán-Quintana, J. N. Mercado-Ruiz, and A. M. Mendoza-Wilson, "Wheat bran proteins: a review of their uses and potential," Food Reviews International, vol. 31, no. 3, pp. 279-293, 2015.
32. D. Zhang and W. R. Moore, "Wheat bran particle size effects on bread baking performance and quality," Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, vol. 79, no. 6, pp. 805-809, 1999.
33. M. C. Arendrup, G. Kahlmeter, J. Guinea, J. Meletiadis, and S. o. A. S. T. o. t. E. E. C. f. A. S. Testing, "How to: perform antifungal susceptibility testing of microconidia-forming dermatophytes following the new reference EUCAST method E. Def 11.0, exemplified by Trichophyton," Clinical Microbiology and Infection, vol. 27, no. 1, pp. 55-60, 2021.
34. D. Sarris, M. Galiotou‐Panayotou, A. A. Koutinas, M. Komaitis, and S. Papanikolaou, "Citric acid, biomass and cellular lipid production by Yarrowialipolytica strains cultivated on olive mill wastewater‐based media," Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology, vol. 86, no. 11, pp. 1439-1448, 2011.
35. [Jawed S T, Al-Taher Q M, Shihab A F. Norouzi S. Melanoides tuberculate as Bioindicator of the Heavy Metal Contamination in Water and Sediment Pollution of Euphrates River at Thi-Qar province, Iraq. Health Education and Health Promotion. 2022 ;10(2):247-253.
36. Al-Taher, Q. M., Akbar, M. M., & Al-Qarooni, I. H. (2020). Estimation of heavy metals in water, sediments and bioaccumulation in pseudodontopsisEuphraticus and bellamyabengalensis in Euphrates river in al-nassiriyah city/south of Iraq. Plant Archives, 20(2), 1454-1460.
37. [Talib Jawad, S., F Shihab, A., & Al-Taher, Q. M. (2022). Heavy metal concentrations in water, sediments, Cladophora and two fish species from Al-MasabAlamm River, Al-Nassiriya, Iraq. Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences, 20(4), 805-812.
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31-03-2023
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Al-Ameri KHA, Ali S. A comparative study of the ability of the fungus Aspergillus niger on two alternative media, wheat bran and rice husk. World Journal of Current Med and Pharm Research [Internet]. 2023Mar.31 [cited 2025Apr.26];5(2):35-0. Available from: https://wjcmpr.com/index.php/journal/article/view/261
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