EPIDEMIOLOGICAL AND CLINICAL ASPECTS OF RETINOBLASTOMA IN DEVELOPING COUNTRY
Abstract
Introduction:
Retinoblastoma is the most common intraocular tumor in child. Treatment depend on stadification and classification of retinoblastoma. The aim of this study was to describe epidemiological and clinical aspects of retinoblastoma in Madagascar.
Method: We report in this retrospective study 44 cases found during 5 years, from January 2015 to December 2019. We have collected information about epidemiological and clinical aspect, delay of diagnosis. Classification of retinoblastoma was done with Reese Ellsworth classification and International Classification of Intra-ocular Retinoblastoma (ICRB). Data was collected with excel software and analysis was done with R-studio 4.2.2 software. The quantitative variables were expressed as an average and the qualitative variables as a proportion and percentage.
Result: We had collected 44 cases. The incidence was 8.8 cases per year. Sex ratio was 1.3. Mean age was 40 months. Exophthalmos was found in 35% (n=12) of cases. Leukocoria was found in 24% (n=11) children. The delay time before diagnosis was 13 months. In 97.7% of cases, the retinoblastoma was unilateral. Intraocular form was found in 23 patients (52.3%). Among intraocular form 13 patients (57%) presented with grade E, including one patient with meningeal extension 9 patients (39%) with grade D, 1 patient (4%) in grade B. Extra ocular form was found in 21 patients (47.7%) : 17 (77%) had orbital invasion (stage III), 4 (23%) were metastatic (stage IV).
Conclusion: Diagnosis of retinoblastoma was made in advanced stage. Most of patients had extraocular form. Prognosis was worse in Madagascar. Making diagnosis early is necessary to prevent loss of life.
Keywords:
Exophtalmos, Leukocoria, Retinoblastoma
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
References
1. Zucker JM, Desjardins L, Stoppa-Lyonnet D, Doz F. Rétinoblastome. EMC Pediatrie 2005;2(4) :322-31 [Article 21-001-A-05].
2. Sanders BM, Draper GJ, Kingston JE. Retinoblastoma in Great Britain 1969-80 : incidence, treatment, and survival. Br J Ophthalmol. 1988;72(8):576‑83.
3. Broaddus E, Topham A, Singh AD. Incidence of retinoblastoma in the USA: 1975–2004. Br J Ophthalmol. 2009;93:21-3.
4. Togo B, Traoré F, Togo AP, Togo P, Diakité AA, Traoré B et al . Épidémiologie et pronostic des cancers pédiatriques au CHU Gabriel-Touré de Bamako (Mali). Br J Ophthalmol. 2010;94:467-9.
5. Rakotoarison H. Aspect epidemiologique des cancers de l’enfant à Madagascar de 1990 à 1999 [Thèse]. Medecine Humaine: Antananarivo; 2000. 64p.
6. Njikam JE. Causes des handicaps visuels chez l’enfant de 0 à 15 ans vus au CHU-JRA [Thèse]. Médecine Humaine: Antananarivo; 2007. 99p.
7. Rasolofojaona NH. Les circonstances de decouverte des cas de retinoblastome vus a l’Hopital Joseph Ravoahangy Andrianavalona (2002 - 2004) [Mémoire]. Ophtalmologie: Antananarivo; 2005. 30p.
8. Lacour B, Gyot-Goubin A, Guissou S, Bellec S, Désandes E. et Clavel J. Incidence of childhood cancer in France: National Children Cancer Registries, 2000–2004. Eur J Cancer Prev. 2010;19(3):173‑81.
9. Wongmas P, Jetsrisuparb A, Komvilaisak P, Suwanrungruang K, Choeyprasert W, Sriplung H.et al. Incidences, Trends and Long Term Outcomes of Retinoblastoma in Three Cancer Registries, Thailand. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2015;16: 6899‑902.
10. Bhurgri Y, Muzaffar S, Ahmed R, Ahmed N, Bhurgri H, Usman A. et al. Retinoblastoma in Karachi, Pakistan. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2004;5:159‑63.
11. Kagmeni G, Nguefack F, Monebenimp F, Kouogang G, Ngounou F, Kengne KS, et al. Le Rétinoblastome dans la Région de l’Ouest Cameroun : Aspects Cliniques, Histologiques et Thérapeutiques. Health Sciencies and Disease. 2013;14(2);1‑4.
12. Ali AA, Elsheikh SM, Elhaj A, Osman N, Abuidris D, Eltayeb EA. et al. Clinical Presentation and Outcome of Retinoblastoma among Children Treated at the National Cancer Institute (NCI) in Gezira, Sudan: A single institution experience. Ophthalmic Genetics. 2010;32(2):122‑5.
13. Andriamiarimanjaka S. Réactualisation des aspects épidemio-cliniques et thérapeutiques du rétinoblastome au CHUA-JRA.2005-2009 [Mémoire]. Ophtalmologie: Antananarivo; 2010. 74 p.
14. Avom Avom FMM. Rétinoblastome : aspects épidemiocliniques et thérapeutiques dans les services d’Ophtalmologie et d’Oncologie Pédiatriques du CHU JRA [Thèse]. Médecine Humaine: Antananarivo; 2017. 73 p.
15. Maniry Iangonantsoa J. Aspects epidemio-clinique et evolutif des retinoblastomes vus au CHU-HJRA d’Antananarivo Madagascar [Mémoire]. Oncologie Médicale: Antananarivo; 2013. 41p.
16. Rosa RH, Buggage R, Kramer TR, Milman T, Syed N, Wilson MW, et al. Rétinoblastome. Anatomie pathologique en ophtalmologie Tumeurs intraoculaires. Paris: Elsevier Masson; 2012.
17. Essuman V, Ntim-Amponsah CT, Akafo S, Renner L, Edusei L. Presentation of retinoblastoma at a paediatric eye clinic in Ghana. Ghana Medical Journal. 2010; 44(1):10‑5.
18. Zhao J, Li S, Shi J, et Wang N. Clinical presentation and group classification of newly diagnosed intraocular retinoblastoma in China. Br J Ophthalmol. 2011;95:1372-5.
19. Chawla B, Hasan F, Azad R, Seth R, Upadhyay AD, Pathy S. et al. Clinical presentation and survival of retinoblastoma in Indian children. Br J Ophthalmol. 2015;100(2):172‑8.
20. Chantada GL, Qaddoumi I, Canturk S, Khetan V, Ma Z, Kimani K, et al. Strategies to manage Retinoblastome in Developing countries. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2011;56(3):341‑8.
21. MacCarthy A, Draper GJ, Steliarova-Foucher E, Kingston JE. Retinoblastoma incidence and survival in European children (1978–1997). Report from the Automated Childhood Cancer Information System project. Eur J Cancer. 2006;42:2092-102.
22. Jain M, Rojanaporn D, Chawla B, Sundar G, Gopal L, Khetan V. Retinoblastoma in Asia. Eye. 2019; 33:87‑96.
23. Boubacar T, Fatou S, Fousseyni T, Mariam S, Fatoumata DT, Toumani S, et al. A 30-month prospective study on the treatment of retinoblastoma in the Gabriel Touré Teaching Hospital, Bamako, Mali. Br J Ophthalmol. 2010; 94: 467‑9.
24. Abramson DH, Frank CM, Susman M, Whalen MP, Dunkel IJ, Boyd NW. Presenting signs of retinoblastoma. J Pediatr. 1998;132:505‑8.
25. Desjardins L, Levy C, Lumbroso LR, Doz F, Schlienger P, Validire P, et al. Le traitement actuel du rétinoblastome 154 enfants traités entre 1995 et 1998. J Fr Ophtalmol. 2000;23(5):475‑81.
26. Chang CY, Chiou TJ, Hwang B, Bai LY, Hsu WM, Hsieh YL. Retinoblastoma in Taiwan: Survival Rate and Prognostic Factors. Jpn J Ophthalmol. 2006;(50):242‑9.
27. Ali Mahamat M. Prise en charge du rétinoblastome à propos de 38 cas. [Thèse]. Médecine Humaine: Rabat; 2003. 192p.
28. Abba Kaka HY, Sylla F, Ali MH et Amza A. Les particularités du rétinoblastome au Niger. Eur Sci J. 2016;12(3);84‑91.
29. Soliman SE, Eldomiaty W, Goweida MB, Dowidar A. Clinical presentation of retinoblastoma in Alexandria: A step toward earlier diagnosis. Saudi J Ophtalmol. 2017;31(2):80‑5.
30. Kettani AE, Aderdour S, Daghouj G, Knari S, Zaghloul K, Zafad S, et al. Rétinoblastome: résultats préliminaires du protocole national de prise en charge au CHU de Casablanca. J Fr Ophtalmol. 2014;37:115‑24.
31. Antoneli CBG, Steinhorst F, Ribeiro KB, Novaes PERS, Chojniak MMM, Arias V, et al. Extraocular Retinoblastoma : A 13-Year Experience. Cancer. 2003;98:1292‑8.
32. Kaliki S, Patel A, Iram S, Ramappa G, Mohamed A, Palkonda. Retinoblastoma in India Clinical presentation and outcome in 1,457 patients (2,074 eyes). Retina. 2019;39(2):379‑91.
33. Grabowski EF et Abramson DH. Intraocular and extraocular retinoblastoma. Hematol Oncol Clic North Am 1987;1(4):721‑35.
34. Friedman DN, Sklar CA, Oeffinger KC, Kernan NA, Khakoo Y, Marr BP, et al. Long-term Medical Outcomes in Survivors of Extra-Ocular Retinoblastoma:The Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC) Experience. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2012;60(4):1‑6.
35. Chantada GL, Dunkel IJ, Qaddoumi I, 31 CBG, Totah A, Canturk S, et al. Familial retinoblastoma in developing countries. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2009; 53:338‑42.
36. Pant G, Verma N, Kumar A, Poonyia V et Gupta SK. Outcome of extraocular retinoblastoma in a resource limited cancer center from low middle income country. Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 2018;34(8): 419-24.
37. Leal-Leal C, Flores-Rojo M, Medina-Sanson A, Cerecedo-Diaz F, Sanchez-Felix S, Gonzalez-Ramella O, et al. A multicenter report from the Mexican Retinoblastoma Group. Br J Ophtalmol. 2004;88:1074‑7.
38. Menon BS, Alagaratnam J, Juraida E, Mohamed M, Ibrahim H, Naing NN. Late Presentation of Retinoblastoma in Malaysia. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2008; 52:215‑7.
39. Berete C, Dibi M, Koman E, Atteby Y, Koui S, Kouakou K, et al. Aspects récents du rétinoblastome en Côte d’Ivoire. Evaluation de 83 cas au CHU de Treichville de 2013-2016. Revue Société Ouest Africaine d'Ophtalmologie. 2018;2:32‑42.
40. Abramson DH, Beaverson K, Sangani P, Vora RA, Lee TC, Hochberg HM, et al. Screening for Retinoblastoma: Presenting Signs as Prognosticators of Patient and Ocular Survival.Pediatrics. 2003;112(6):1248‑55.
41. Aerts I, Lumbroso-Le Rouic L, Gauthier-Villars M, Brisse H, Doz F.Actualités du rétinoblastome. Arch Pediatr. 2015, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.arcped.2015.09.025
42. Haye C, Desjardins L, Elmaleh C, Shclienger P, Zucker JM et Laurent M. Prognosis and treatment of retinoblastoma 105 cases treated at Institut Curie. Ophthalmic Paediatrics Genet. 1988;10(3):151‑5.
2. Sanders BM, Draper GJ, Kingston JE. Retinoblastoma in Great Britain 1969-80 : incidence, treatment, and survival. Br J Ophthalmol. 1988;72(8):576‑83.
3. Broaddus E, Topham A, Singh AD. Incidence of retinoblastoma in the USA: 1975–2004. Br J Ophthalmol. 2009;93:21-3.
4. Togo B, Traoré F, Togo AP, Togo P, Diakité AA, Traoré B et al . Épidémiologie et pronostic des cancers pédiatriques au CHU Gabriel-Touré de Bamako (Mali). Br J Ophthalmol. 2010;94:467-9.
5. Rakotoarison H. Aspect epidemiologique des cancers de l’enfant à Madagascar de 1990 à 1999 [Thèse]. Medecine Humaine: Antananarivo; 2000. 64p.
6. Njikam JE. Causes des handicaps visuels chez l’enfant de 0 à 15 ans vus au CHU-JRA [Thèse]. Médecine Humaine: Antananarivo; 2007. 99p.
7. Rasolofojaona NH. Les circonstances de decouverte des cas de retinoblastome vus a l’Hopital Joseph Ravoahangy Andrianavalona (2002 - 2004) [Mémoire]. Ophtalmologie: Antananarivo; 2005. 30p.
8. Lacour B, Gyot-Goubin A, Guissou S, Bellec S, Désandes E. et Clavel J. Incidence of childhood cancer in France: National Children Cancer Registries, 2000–2004. Eur J Cancer Prev. 2010;19(3):173‑81.
9. Wongmas P, Jetsrisuparb A, Komvilaisak P, Suwanrungruang K, Choeyprasert W, Sriplung H.et al. Incidences, Trends and Long Term Outcomes of Retinoblastoma in Three Cancer Registries, Thailand. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2015;16: 6899‑902.
10. Bhurgri Y, Muzaffar S, Ahmed R, Ahmed N, Bhurgri H, Usman A. et al. Retinoblastoma in Karachi, Pakistan. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2004;5:159‑63.
11. Kagmeni G, Nguefack F, Monebenimp F, Kouogang G, Ngounou F, Kengne KS, et al. Le Rétinoblastome dans la Région de l’Ouest Cameroun : Aspects Cliniques, Histologiques et Thérapeutiques. Health Sciencies and Disease. 2013;14(2);1‑4.
12. Ali AA, Elsheikh SM, Elhaj A, Osman N, Abuidris D, Eltayeb EA. et al. Clinical Presentation and Outcome of Retinoblastoma among Children Treated at the National Cancer Institute (NCI) in Gezira, Sudan: A single institution experience. Ophthalmic Genetics. 2010;32(2):122‑5.
13. Andriamiarimanjaka S. Réactualisation des aspects épidemio-cliniques et thérapeutiques du rétinoblastome au CHUA-JRA.2005-2009 [Mémoire]. Ophtalmologie: Antananarivo; 2010. 74 p.
14. Avom Avom FMM. Rétinoblastome : aspects épidemiocliniques et thérapeutiques dans les services d’Ophtalmologie et d’Oncologie Pédiatriques du CHU JRA [Thèse]. Médecine Humaine: Antananarivo; 2017. 73 p.
15. Maniry Iangonantsoa J. Aspects epidemio-clinique et evolutif des retinoblastomes vus au CHU-HJRA d’Antananarivo Madagascar [Mémoire]. Oncologie Médicale: Antananarivo; 2013. 41p.
16. Rosa RH, Buggage R, Kramer TR, Milman T, Syed N, Wilson MW, et al. Rétinoblastome. Anatomie pathologique en ophtalmologie Tumeurs intraoculaires. Paris: Elsevier Masson; 2012.
17. Essuman V, Ntim-Amponsah CT, Akafo S, Renner L, Edusei L. Presentation of retinoblastoma at a paediatric eye clinic in Ghana. Ghana Medical Journal. 2010; 44(1):10‑5.
18. Zhao J, Li S, Shi J, et Wang N. Clinical presentation and group classification of newly diagnosed intraocular retinoblastoma in China. Br J Ophthalmol. 2011;95:1372-5.
19. Chawla B, Hasan F, Azad R, Seth R, Upadhyay AD, Pathy S. et al. Clinical presentation and survival of retinoblastoma in Indian children. Br J Ophthalmol. 2015;100(2):172‑8.
20. Chantada GL, Qaddoumi I, Canturk S, Khetan V, Ma Z, Kimani K, et al. Strategies to manage Retinoblastome in Developing countries. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2011;56(3):341‑8.
21. MacCarthy A, Draper GJ, Steliarova-Foucher E, Kingston JE. Retinoblastoma incidence and survival in European children (1978–1997). Report from the Automated Childhood Cancer Information System project. Eur J Cancer. 2006;42:2092-102.
22. Jain M, Rojanaporn D, Chawla B, Sundar G, Gopal L, Khetan V. Retinoblastoma in Asia. Eye. 2019; 33:87‑96.
23. Boubacar T, Fatou S, Fousseyni T, Mariam S, Fatoumata DT, Toumani S, et al. A 30-month prospective study on the treatment of retinoblastoma in the Gabriel Touré Teaching Hospital, Bamako, Mali. Br J Ophthalmol. 2010; 94: 467‑9.
24. Abramson DH, Frank CM, Susman M, Whalen MP, Dunkel IJ, Boyd NW. Presenting signs of retinoblastoma. J Pediatr. 1998;132:505‑8.
25. Desjardins L, Levy C, Lumbroso LR, Doz F, Schlienger P, Validire P, et al. Le traitement actuel du rétinoblastome 154 enfants traités entre 1995 et 1998. J Fr Ophtalmol. 2000;23(5):475‑81.
26. Chang CY, Chiou TJ, Hwang B, Bai LY, Hsu WM, Hsieh YL. Retinoblastoma in Taiwan: Survival Rate and Prognostic Factors. Jpn J Ophthalmol. 2006;(50):242‑9.
27. Ali Mahamat M. Prise en charge du rétinoblastome à propos de 38 cas. [Thèse]. Médecine Humaine: Rabat; 2003. 192p.
28. Abba Kaka HY, Sylla F, Ali MH et Amza A. Les particularités du rétinoblastome au Niger. Eur Sci J. 2016;12(3);84‑91.
29. Soliman SE, Eldomiaty W, Goweida MB, Dowidar A. Clinical presentation of retinoblastoma in Alexandria: A step toward earlier diagnosis. Saudi J Ophtalmol. 2017;31(2):80‑5.
30. Kettani AE, Aderdour S, Daghouj G, Knari S, Zaghloul K, Zafad S, et al. Rétinoblastome: résultats préliminaires du protocole national de prise en charge au CHU de Casablanca. J Fr Ophtalmol. 2014;37:115‑24.
31. Antoneli CBG, Steinhorst F, Ribeiro KB, Novaes PERS, Chojniak MMM, Arias V, et al. Extraocular Retinoblastoma : A 13-Year Experience. Cancer. 2003;98:1292‑8.
32. Kaliki S, Patel A, Iram S, Ramappa G, Mohamed A, Palkonda. Retinoblastoma in India Clinical presentation and outcome in 1,457 patients (2,074 eyes). Retina. 2019;39(2):379‑91.
33. Grabowski EF et Abramson DH. Intraocular and extraocular retinoblastoma. Hematol Oncol Clic North Am 1987;1(4):721‑35.
34. Friedman DN, Sklar CA, Oeffinger KC, Kernan NA, Khakoo Y, Marr BP, et al. Long-term Medical Outcomes in Survivors of Extra-Ocular Retinoblastoma:The Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC) Experience. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2012;60(4):1‑6.
35. Chantada GL, Dunkel IJ, Qaddoumi I, 31 CBG, Totah A, Canturk S, et al. Familial retinoblastoma in developing countries. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2009; 53:338‑42.
36. Pant G, Verma N, Kumar A, Poonyia V et Gupta SK. Outcome of extraocular retinoblastoma in a resource limited cancer center from low middle income country. Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 2018;34(8): 419-24.
37. Leal-Leal C, Flores-Rojo M, Medina-Sanson A, Cerecedo-Diaz F, Sanchez-Felix S, Gonzalez-Ramella O, et al. A multicenter report from the Mexican Retinoblastoma Group. Br J Ophtalmol. 2004;88:1074‑7.
38. Menon BS, Alagaratnam J, Juraida E, Mohamed M, Ibrahim H, Naing NN. Late Presentation of Retinoblastoma in Malaysia. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2008; 52:215‑7.
39. Berete C, Dibi M, Koman E, Atteby Y, Koui S, Kouakou K, et al. Aspects récents du rétinoblastome en Côte d’Ivoire. Evaluation de 83 cas au CHU de Treichville de 2013-2016. Revue Société Ouest Africaine d'Ophtalmologie. 2018;2:32‑42.
40. Abramson DH, Beaverson K, Sangani P, Vora RA, Lee TC, Hochberg HM, et al. Screening for Retinoblastoma: Presenting Signs as Prognosticators of Patient and Ocular Survival.Pediatrics. 2003;112(6):1248‑55.
41. Aerts I, Lumbroso-Le Rouic L, Gauthier-Villars M, Brisse H, Doz F.Actualités du rétinoblastome. Arch Pediatr. 2015, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.arcped.2015.09.025
42. Haye C, Desjardins L, Elmaleh C, Shclienger P, Zucker JM et Laurent M. Prognosis and treatment of retinoblastoma 105 cases treated at Institut Curie. Ophthalmic Paediatrics Genet. 1988;10(3):151‑5.
Published
27-02-2023
Statistics
228 Views | 177 Downloads
Citatons
How to Cite
1.
Randrianarisoa Hoby Lalaina, RAKOTOARISOA RTR, Andriambelo RH, S R, NML R, L R. EPIDEMIOLOGICAL AND CLINICAL ASPECTS OF RETINOBLASTOMA IN DEVELOPING COUNTRY. World Journal of Current Med and Pharm Research [Internet]. 2023Feb.27 [cited 2025May18];5(1):9-16. Available from: https://wjcmpr.com/index.php/journal/article/view/250
Issue
Section
Research Articles
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Copyright © Author(s) retain the copyright of this article.
